ABSTRACT Introduction: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have become very relevant by increasing the value of geographic information for decision making. Improving the efficacy of information processing and retrieval in GIS -taking into account the large geographic data volumes available, their heterogeneity, and the absence of formalized semantic meanings- is a challenge and constitutes the general objective of this research. Methods: Ontology-based approaches (e.g. geographic ontologies) are a very promising alternative to provide semantics to data and its processing. Ontology-based data access and integration paradigms enable the management of large ontologies and the interoperability of heterogeneous data, issues also addressed in the research. The paper presents a new semi-automatic method for the generation of geographic ontologies from heterogeneous spatial data sources and a data management model based on ontologies and Case-Based Reasoning (CBR). Results: The proposed method provides more robust knowledge resources to the GIS, increasing their information retrieval capabilities and efficacy. In addition, the paradigm of database-supported ontologies applied allows for better management of the knowledge volume generated. This paradigm, also applied to the proposed ontology-based data management model, permitted solving the interoperability problems existing in Electric Union systems between geographic and electric domain data, while extending query formulation capabilities and information retrieval with the RBC.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) han adquirido gran relevancia, al aumentar el valor de la información geográfica para tomar decisiones. Mejorar la eficacia del procesamiento y la recuperación de información en SIG, teniendo en cuenta los grandes volúmenes de datos geográficos disponibles, su heterogeneidad, y la ausencia de significados semánticos formalizados, constituye un desafío y objetivo general de esta investigación. Métodos: Los enfoques basados en ontologías (ej. ontologías geográficas) constituye una alternativa muy prometedora para dotar de semántica a los datos y su procesamiento. Los paradigmas de acceso e integración de datos basados en ontologías permiten la administración de grandes ontologías y la interoperabilidad de datos heterogéneos, problemáticas también tratadas en la investigación. En el trabajo se presenta un nuevo método semiautomático para la generación de ontologías geográficas a partir de fuentes de datos espaciales heterogéneas y un modelo de gestión de datos basado en ontologías y Razonamiento Basado en Casos (RBC). Resultados: El método propuesto permite dotar a los SIG de recursos de conocimiento más robustos, incrementando sus capacidades de recuperar información y su eficacia. Además, el paradigma de ontologías basadas en bases de datos aplicado permite un mejor manejo del volumen de conocimiento generado. Este paradigma, aplicado también en el modelo de gestión de datos basado en ontologías propuesto, permitió resolver los problemas de interoperabilidad existentes en sistemas de la Unión Eléctrica entre datos geográficos y de dominio eléctrico, al mismo tiempo que se extendieron las capacidades de formulación de consultas y la recuperación de información con el RBC.

Abstract Bioactive peptides are digestion-resistant and absorbable peptides released from dietary parent proteins. Dietary epitopes exert their effects on the body without absorption and release from parent protein. In this study, the epitope content of milk proteins was discovered, and a new definition for BPs is provided alongside the classic definition. In this study, LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMTriP servers were used to find Linear B cell epitopes. Besides, to predict T cell epitopes, the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) and MHC-II alleles that were more abundant among Iranian people were first found from the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND). Consequently, the IEDB, RANKPEP, SYFPEITHI, EpiJen, and EpiTOP3 servers were used for MHC binding epitopes. In the current study, MHC-II, MHC-I, and B-cell epitopes of milk proteins were discovered. The most important B-cell epitopes discovered by LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMtrip databases for αS1-casein included APSFSDIPNPIGSEN (176-190), AESISSSEEIVPNSVE (62-77), and VFGKEKVNELSKDIGS (31-46). The high rank of αS1-casein derived from MHC-II epitopes and discovered from the SYFPEITHI database included KEKVNELSKDIGSES (34-48), RFFVAPFPEVFGKEK (22-36), and PELFRQFYQLDAYPS (147-161). The epitopes of dietary proteins and endogenous proteins could be considered as BPs. Epitopes exert their biological effects without absorption and release from parent proteins.

RESUMEN Objetivo: estudiar los posibles cambios en el perfil de pacientes con cronicidad avanzada entre dos cohortes en el momento de su inclusión en un equipo de soporte de atención paliativa domiciliaria (ESAPD) en el marco de la implementación de estrategias de cronicidad. Método: estudio observacional retrospectivo con enfoque analítico de pacientes no oncológicos derivados a un ESAPD de la Comunidad de Madrid, divididos en dos cohortes (2014 y 2019) definidas por el momento de inclusión en programa. Las variables principales fueron: tiempo de permanencia en programa (TPP), carga sintomática (CS) y situación funcional (SF). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se comparó globalmente y por sexo el efecto de la cohorte (bruto y ajustado) sobre las variables principales mediante LogRank y Cox para el TPP, t-Student para la CS y SF y Modelo Lineal Generalizado para la SF. Resultados: las cohortes 2014 y 2019 constaron, respectivamente, de 98 y 116 pacientes, 63% y 52% de mujeres, 48% y 35% del ámbito rural y 43% y 27% de institucionalizados, con una media de edad y lugar de fallecimiento similares. En el TPP no se evidenciaron diferencias entre ambas cohortes (p=0,098); el análisis de Cox tampoco mostró asociación (HR = 1,01 [0,75; 1,36]). En la CS no se encontraron diferencias clínicamente relevantes. No se observaron diferencias en la SF una vez ajustada por las variables edad, sexo e institucionalización. Conclusión: no se observaron diferencias en el perfil de pacientes con cronicidad avanzada incluidos en el programa del ESAPD entre los años 2014 y 2019 en el marco de la implementación de estrategias de cronicidad.

ABSTRACT Objective: to study possible changes in the profile of patients with advanced chronic conditions between two cohorts at the time of their inclusion in a palliative-care-home care support team (PCHCST) in the framework of implementation of chronicity strategies. Method: A retrospective, observational analytical study was performed on non-oncological patients referred to a PCHCST in Madrid, divided into two cohorts (2014 and 2019) defined by the time of inclusion in the programme. The main variables were time spent in the programme (TSP), symptom burden (SB) and functional status (FS). Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected. The effect of the cohort (crude and adjusted) on the main variables was compared overall and by sex using LogRank and Cox for TSP, student t test for SB and FS and Generalized Linear Models for FS. Results: The 2014 and 2019 cohorts consisted respectively of 98 and 116 patients, 63% and 52% female, 48% and 35% rural and 43% and 27% nursing home residents, with similar mean age and place of death. For TSP, no statistically significant differences were detected between the two cohorts (P = 0.098); Cox analysis did not reveal any association either (HR = 1.01 [0.75; 1.36]). No clinically relevant differences were found for SB. No differences were observed for FS adjusted for age, sex and nursing home residence. Conclusion: No differences were observed in the profile of patients with advanced chronic conditions included in the PCHCST between 2014 and 2019 in the framework of implementation of chronicity strategies.

Abstract Introduction: tracheo-innominate fistula (TIF) is a rare complication (0.1-1 %) of tracheotomies and endotracheal intubations. It has a high associated morbidity and mortality (90 %), and thus needs early diagnosis and treatment. Case report: we present the case of a 53-year-old man who underwent total laryngectomy with bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy, and who on the second postoperative day presented active bleeding from the tracheostomy tube. The patient underwent an urgent CT angiography that revealed a fistula between the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) and the trachea in a position with the tracheostomy tube over the BCT. Expandable balloon covered stent (BeGraft®, Bentley InnoMed, Hechingen, Germany) is deployed from the origin of the BCT to its bifurcation through right humeral approach. The patient is discharged one month after endovascular surgery, presenting a satisfactory postoperative period with the absence of complications. Discussion: TIF is a rare and highly lethal complication that requires emergency management. Typically, TIF were first repaired by open surgery with a survival rate of 25-50 %. Treating TIF in selected cases with the use of endovascular techniques appears to be a safe and effective choice with lower associated morbidity and mortality.

Resumen Introducción: la fístula tráqueo-innominada (TIF) es una complicación poco frecuente (0,1-1 %) de las traqueotomías e intubaciones endotraqueales. Tiene una alta morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas (90 %), por lo que es de vital importancia un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz. Caso clínico: presentamos el caso de un varón de 53 años intervenido mediante laringectomía total con linfadenectomía cervical bilateral que en el segundo día posoperatorio debuta con sangrado activo por cánula de traqueostomía. El paciente fue sometido a un angio-TAC urgente que reveló una fístula entre el tronco braquiocefálico (BCT) y tráquea en aparente relación con decúbito de cánula de traqueostomía. Se implanta stent recubierto balón explandible (BeGraft®, Bentley InnoMed, Hechingen, Alemania) desde el origen del BCT hasta su bifurcación mediante acceso humeral derecho. El paciente es dado de alta un mes después de haberse realizado la cirugía endovascular presentando un postoperatorio satisfactorio con ausencia de complicaciones. Discusión: la TIF es una complicación poco común y muy letal que requiere manejo quirúrgico emergente. Clásicamente, las TIF se tratan mediante cirugía abierta con una tasa de supervivencia del 25-50 %. El uso de técnicas endovasculares parece ser una opción segura y eficaz con una menor morbilidad y mortalidad asociadas para el tratamiento de la TIF en casos seleccionados.

ABSTRACT: The use of natural colorants in meat products can keep its coloring attractive as well as meet the demand from consumers interested in products that are healthier. Nitrite is added as a preservative to these products and it is also a precursor of the generation of a specifically desired color in meat products. However, its use has been associated with the development of certain kinds of cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of reduced levels of nitrite in Brazilian sausage (linguiça) with natural colorants on the physicochemical and sensorial properties following frozen storage. Nine treatments were tested: 0.015 % nitrite (C150), 0.0075 % nitrite (C75) and 0 % nitrite (C0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME75), 0 % nitrite and 1.5 % microencapsulated betalain (BME0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP75), 0 % nitrite and 0.19 % commercial betalain (BCP0), 0.0075 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC75) and 0 % nitrite and 0.02 % of cochineal carmine (CC0). Oxidative stability, residual nitrite and instrumental color were the determinant factors. Sensory analysis was directed at color, texture, taste and global acceptance. Natural colorants did not have any antioxidant effect. Sausages prepared with betalain and 0.0075 % nitrite showed the highest a* values. The addition of colorants improved both color and overall acceptance. The addition of betalain and cochineal carmine with 0.0075 % nitrite proved to be effective in achieving high acceptability in Brazilian sausage (linguiça).

Abstract Background and aims: Nephron-sparing surgery has become the standard surgical technique for small renal masses, taking the place of traditional radical nephrectomy. The aim of the present study was to compare partial nephrectomy and tumor enucleation, with respect to morbidity and oncologic results. Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients that underwent partial nephrectomy or enucleation at the Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, between August 2011 and October 2019. Demographics, clinical and surgical characteristics, and oncologic results were the variables analyzed. Results: Forty-eight patients were followed for 36,1±28,0 months. Compared with the partial nephrectomy group, the patients that underwent tumor enucleation presented with lower values of mean blood loss (117,7±95.1 ml and 221±293.1 ml, p=0,488), ischemia (46% and 95%, p<0,001), mean ischemia time (24,6±7,2 min and 25,1±10,4 min, p=0,844), and complications (11,5% and 22,7%, p=0,442), respectively. No local recurrence was observed. Conclusions: Both groups were comparable in relation to tumor stage. The enucleation group presented with less blood loss, less need for vascular clamping, and similar ischemia time, compared with the partial nephrectomy group. Both techniques were oncologically safe, with a low rate of compromised surgical margins. Postoperative morbidity with the two techniques was low.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: La cirugía conservadora de nefronas se ha convertido en la técnica quirúrgica estándar para masas renales de pequeño tamaño, desbancando la tradicional nefrectomía radical. El objetivo del estudio es comparar nefrectomía parcial y enucleación tumoral en función de morbilidad y resultados oncológicos. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía parcial o enucleación en el Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa de Zaragoza, entre agosto de 2011 y octubre de 2019. Variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y resultados oncológicos han sido analizadas. Resultados: 48 pacientes fueron seguidos 36.1±28.0 meses. Los pacientes sometidos a enucleación tumoral, respecto al grupo de nefrectomía parcial presentaron valores inferiores de sangrado medio (117.7±95.1 ml y 221±293.1 ml, p=0.488), isquemia (46% y 95%, p<0.001), tiempo de isquemia medio (24.6±7.2 min y 25.1±10.4 min, p=0.844) y complicaciones (11.5% y un 22.7%, p=0.442) respectivamente. No se observó recidiva local. Conclusiones: Ambos grupos son comparables en cuanto a estadio tumoral, presentando en el grupo de enucleación un menor sangrado, menor necesidad de clampaje vascular y un tiempo de isquemia similar al grupo de nefrectomía parcial. Ambas técnicas son seguras a nivel oncológico, con una baja tasa de márgenes afectos. Ambas técnicas presentan una baja morbilidad postoperatoria.

Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a paradigm shift in healthcare. Objective: To evaluate the utility of a strategy to comprehensively address the pandemic in a health area that covers 42,000 people. Method: Between March 10 and May 15, 2020, the COVID Unit was created in the corresponding regional hospital, and an independent circuit was established for the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19; social health centers were monitored with PCR testing. Results: Eighteen COVID-19-positive patients (age 72.9 ± 13.2 years) were admitted, out of which 66% were males. All these patients had pneumonia and 67% had respiratory distress syndrome; no one required mechanical ventilation. Mean hospital stay was 9.4 ± 5.3 days, and mortality, 11%. PCR tests were applied to all hospital residents (n = 827) and workers (n = 519), 1,044 phone calls were made and 36 hospital admissions were avoided. Only 50 patients required close follow-up, out of which four (0.48%) were positive for COVID-19. Conclusion: Clinical monitoring at the hospital and social health centers showed that patient profile was like that documented in the literature and that the incidence of COVID-19 was low in social health centers.

Resumen Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 provocó un cambio de paradigma en la atención médica. Objetivo: Evaluar una estrategia para abordar integralmente la pandemia en un distrito de salud que comprende 42 000 personas. Método: Entre el 10 de marzo y 15 de mayo de 2020 se creó la Unidad COVID en un hospital regional correspondiente al distrito y se estableció un circuito independiente para el diagnóstico y manejo de pacientes con sospecha o confirmación de COVID-19; los centros de salud social fueron monitoreados mediante PCR. Resultados: Ingresaron 18 pacientes positivos a COVID-19 (edad de 72.9 ± 13.2 años), 66 % eran hombres; todos presentaron neumonía, 67 % desarrolló síndrome de dificultad respiratoria y ninguno requirió ventilación mecánica. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 9.4 ± 5.3 días y la mortalidad, de 11 %. Se realizaron pruebas de PCR a todos los residentes (n = 827) y trabajadores (n = 519) del hospital, se realizaron 1044 llamadas telefónicas y se evitaron 36 hospitalizaciones. Solo 50 pacientes necesitaron seguimiento cercano, cuatro (0.48 %) positivos a COVID-19. Conclusión: El monitoreo clínico en el hospital y centros de salud social mostró que el perfil de los pacientes fue similar al documentado en la literatura y que la incidencia de COVID-19 fue baja en los centros sociales de salud.

ABSTRACT Background: the ideal treatment of inguinal hernia in geriatric patients remains a challenge. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the Halsted II technique in geriatric patients with inguinal hernia. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, with the objective of demonstrating the effectiveness of the Halsted II technique in geriatric patients with inguinal hernia in the General Surgery Service of the Teaching Surgical Clinical Military Hospital Octavio de la Concepción y La Pedraja, Camagüey, in the period from July 2014 to July 2017. The universe consisted of 84 older adults with inguinal hernia and the sample was 72 patients. Results: the study was dominated by Caucasian men between 60 and 74 years of age, with indirect hernia with increased internal ring, in addition to smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Infection of the surgical wound was the most frequent early complication, without being significant the number of rejection to the non-absorbable suture material and recurrence of the hernia. Conclusions: inguinal hernia in the elderly is more common in white men between the ages of 60 and 74. Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases are risk factors for suffering from inguinal hernia and in turn are agents associated with the lower efficacy of the technique. Halsted II herniorrhaphy is a safe and efficient technique in the elderly, with low recurrence and postoperative complications.

RESUMEN Fundamento: el tratamiento ideal de la hernia inguinal en pacientes geriátricos siempre ha sido un reto. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la técnica de Halsted II en pacientes geriátricos con hernia inguinal. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con el objetivo de demostrar la eficacia de la técnica de Halsted II en pacientes geriátricos con hernia inguinal en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Militar Clínico Quirúrgico Docente Octavio de la Concepción y de la Pedraja, Camagüey desde julio de 2014 a julio 2017. El universo estuvo constituido por 84 adultos mayores con hernia inguinal y la muestra fue de 72 pacientes. Resultados: en el estudio predominaron los hombres caucásicos entre 60 y 74 años de edad, con hernia indirecta con aumento del anillo interno, además del tabaquismo y las enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas. La infección de la herida quirúrgica fue la complicación temprana más frecuente, sin ser significativo el número de rechazo al material de sutura no absorbible y recurrencia de la hernia. Conclusiones: la hernia inguinal en el adulto mayor, es más frecuente en los hombres blancos en edades comprendidas entre los 60 y 74 años. El tabaquismo y las enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas crónicas son factores de riesgo para padecer de hernia inguinal y a su vez son agentes asociados a la menor eficacia de la técnica. La herniorrafía de Halsted II es una técnica segura y eficiente en el adulto mayor, con escasa recurrencia y complicaciones postoperatorias.

Abstract The effect of climatic factors on ovarian activity and reproductive behavior (RB) was evaluated in 46 Bos indicus cows kept under grazing conditions. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was used as an indicator of stress and divided in alert, damage and emergency levels. Fat thickness (FAT) was taken during the last trimester of gestation (LTG) to approximately 90d postpartum (PP). At 30d PP animals received a progesterone (P4)-releasing device (CIDR) which was withdrawn 9d later. Ovarian activity was assessed by blood progesterone on days 21, 24, 27, 30, 49, 51, and 54 PP. Animals were divided into three groups, higher, and moderate RB and non-behavior. Sixty percent presented a THI >74 increasing dramatically from June to September up to >78. During LTG, animals lost 27% of their body reserves contrasting to PP where an increase of 2.6% (P=0.002) was observed. The percentages of cyclic and non-cyclic animals were 57 and 43%, respectively (P> 0.05). Seventy-two percent displayed RB and 28% were non-behavior (P<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.307; P = 0.038) between THI and RB, and a positive correlation (r = 0.427; P = 0.003) between the onset of ovarian activity and RB were observed. Differences in THI during the LTG (P<0.01) were observed between cyclic and non-cyclic animals. Non-behavior cows in the LTG had a higher THI (P <0.05). High levels of THI have a negative effect on the resumption of ovarian activity and RB in Bos indicus especially if high THI occurs during the last trimester of gestation.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate performance traits, intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, and economic analysis of lambs fed diets containing different levels of sunflower cake (SFC) with a certain chemical composition. Thirty-six Santa Inês × Dorper lambs (n = 9 per treatment diet) with an average body weight (BW) of 19.5±2.19 kg at the beginning of the study were randomly allocated to four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets for 63 days. A control diet without SFC was compared with diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of dietary dry matter (DM) of SFC replacing soybean meal and corn. Growth performance and economic indicators were calculated. Moreover, individual faeces were collected using canvas bags to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients between days 30 and 45 of study. The total BW gain linearly decreased with the inclusion of SFC in the lamb diet. However, no differences among treatments were observed for final BW, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio. The inclusion of different levels of SFC in the diet reduced the intakes of DM as g/kg BW and non-fibre carbohydrates on DM basis. The apparent digestibility of all nutrients studied improved with the inclusion of 5% SFC but decreased with diets containing 10 or 15% of SFC. Moreover, the higher benefit:cost ratio was obtained for diet containing 5% SFC. Therefore, SFC from biodiesel production could be used at levels of 5% in lamb rations, reducing feeding costs without worsening productive performance, nutrient intake, and digestibility at the ages studied.

Abstract Despite the economic importance of sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, little information regarding its reproductive aspects is known. In this study, gonadal maturity stage, biological indexes, proximate gonad composition and sex ratio proportion were determined. A total of 30 wild spotted sand bass were monthly obtained from March 2017 to February 2018. Organisms were measured, weighted and dissected in order to obtain the condition factor (K), hepatosomatic index (IHS) and gonadosomatic index (IGS). A small portion of gonad was preserved to perform the histological procedure, and stained with Harris´ hematoxylin-eosin technique. The results indicate that somatic indexes were significantly affected (P<0.05) in terms of IHS and IGS. Histological analysis showed the presence of ripe males in April and from October to November, and for females, the presence of developed organisms was observed in April and from October to December. Additionally, the presence of transitional organisms from female to male was observed. The proximate analysis showed the maximum crude fat value in April, which coincides with the lowest moisture value. Sex proportion showed a significant male dominance. These data provide valuable information for the development of protection programs to encourage a sustainable fishery of the species.

Resumen A pesar de la importancia económica que representa la cabrilla arenera, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, la información acerca de sus aspectos reproductivos es escasa, por lo que se investigó su biología reproductiva así como su composición proximal de la gónada. Para ello, se capturaron 30 organismos mensualmente de marzo 2017 a febrero 2018. Los peces se midieron, pesaron y disectaron para obtener el factor de condición (K), el índice hepatosomático (IHS) y el índice gonadosomático (IGS). Adicionalmente, se preservó tejido de gónada para llevar a cabo el proceso histológico y la tinción hematoxilinaeosina. Los resultados indicaron que el IHS y el IGS fueron afectados significativamente (P<0.05). El análisis histológico evidenció la presencia de machos maduros en abril, así como de octubre a noviembre, y para las hembras, se observó la presencia de organismos desarrollados en abril y de octubre a diciembre. Adicionalmente, se detectó la presencia de organismos en transición de hembra a macho. El análisis proximal mostró el valor máximo de grasa en abril, lo cual coincidió con el menor valor de humedad. El análisis de proporción mostró una significativa dominancia de machos. Los datos obtenidos en la presente investigación coadyuvarán en la implementación de programas de protección para la especie.

ABSTRACT The contents of this article come from a research aimed at devising procedures for the speeches as a special type of texts. It offers reading tools for disclosing and inferring meaning resulting in reading skills development. Consequently, this work objective is to illustrate the use of the global comprehension dynamic developmental method for the exegesis of a cluster of texts in revealing nuances of meaning. The findings include the procedures of the method referred above. These procedures allow a full analysis of speeches delivered by José Martí, selected from a systemic perspective. The global comprehension dynamic emerges from the reader interaction with the texts related in the cluster and their correspondence context.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se deriva de una investigación que gira en torno al desarrollo de la comprensión del texto oratorio y brinda herramientas lectoras que permiten la inferencia de significados y el desarrollo de habilidades para la comprensión de estos textos; de ahí que se asuma como objetivo: aplicar el método desarrollador de la dinámica comprensiva global al análisis de un conjunto de textos, a fin de generar nuevos significados derivados de sus peculiaridades individuales y globales. Se describen los procedimientos correspondientes al método propuesto. Estos permiten el análisis de los textos oratorios martianos seleccionados desde una perspectiva organizacional sistémica. De las valoraciones emanadas emerge una dinámica comprensiva global expresada en un macro resultado del proceso lector, como cualidad derivada del diálogo entre el lector con las partes del texto y con un conjunto de textos oratorios.

Abstract The aim of this study was to optimize the addition of oat fiber and inulin as fat substitutes in cooked Paio sausage using response surface methodology. The chemical composition, textural parameters, color properties, lipid oxidation, microbial analysis and sensory properties were assessed in twelve different treatments. The addition of dietary fiber led to a significant (P < 0.05) increase in moisture content and also a decrease in fat content of between 60.78% and 63.16%. Color parameters were significantly affected by the addition of inulin and oat fiber, as lightness decreases with the addition of oat fiber. Similar happened with redness, the lowest results were for the treatment with higher dietary fiber content added. Regarding lipid oxidation, the inclusion of fiber did not influence the TBARS values among treatments and throughout the storage time. Sausages manufactured with inulin and oat fiber present similar scores for color, taste and overall acceptability, while lower texture values were found in sausages manufactured with oat fiber. The addition of up to 6% of inulin with up to 0.85% oat fiber in a low fat cooked Paio sausage did not compromise technological parameters and sensory acceptably.

ABSTRACT Foundation: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process that affects the pancreatic gland. It is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, despite the great advances in the management of critical patients in recent years. Objective: to characterize morbidity and mortality in patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective and correlational study of patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in the 2014-2015 period in the General Surgery Department of the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital in Cienfuegos. The variables analyzed were age, sex, skin color, clinical presentation, etiology, risk factors, complications, surgery requirement, time to admission to the intensive care unit, and discharge condition. Results: predominance of males (55.5%) and patients aged between 31-50 years (34.1%) was observed. The most frequent clinical presentation was mild (65.4%). The main etiology was vesicular lithiasis (40.7%). Among local complications, the acute necrotic collection was the most frequent, especially in severe cases (66.7%). Mortality was zero for mild and moderate cases, but increased to 63.3% in severe cases. Conclusion: the severity of acute pancreatitis is not related to its etiology; Local complications and mortality are greater in severe cases. Patients with mild acute pancreatitis usually have no relevant findings on computed tomography.

RESUMEN Fundamento: La pancreatitis aguda es un proceso inflamatorio que afecta a la glándula pancreática. Se asocia a altos índices de morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar de los grandes avances que se han venido produciendo en los últimos años, en el manejo del paciente crítico. Objetivo: caracterizar la morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y correlacional, de los pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en el periodo 2014-2015 en el servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima, de Cienfuegos. Se analizó la edad, sexo, color de la piel, presentación clínica, etiología, factores de riesgo, complicaciones, requerimiento de cirugía, tiempo transcurrido hasta el ingreso en unidad de cuidados intensivos, y estado al egreso. Resultados: se observó predominio del sexo masculino (55,5 %) y de pacientes en edades entre 31-50 años (34,1 %). La presentación clínica más frecuente fue la leve (65,4 %). La etiología principal fue la litiasis vesicular (40,7 %). Entre las complicaciones locales, la colección necrótica aguda fue la más frecuente, sobre todo, en los casos severos (66,7 %). La mortalidad fue nula para los casos leves y moderados, pero ascendió a 63,3 % en los casos severos. Conclusión: la severidad de la pancreatitis aguda no guarda relación con su etiología; las complicaciones locales y mortalidad son mayores en los casos severos. Los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda leve no suelen tener hallazgos relevantes en la tomografía computarizada.